What does a bipolar lead consist of?

A bipolar lead consists of a cathode and an anode. This configuration is important because it allows for a more localized electrical field, which minimizes the risk of stimulating surrounding tissues and leads to improved pacing precision. The cathode is where the electrical current flows out into the heart tissue, while the anode serves as the return path. This two-electrode system enhances the efficacy of pacing and reduces the potential for complications associated with unipolar leads, which only have a single electrode, often leading to a wider dispersal of current and unintended stimulation of nearby structures.

The nature of bipolar leads aids in better sensing capabilities as well, as the bipolar configuration allows for improved differentiation of the pacing signal from noise. Therefore, using a cathode and an anode in bipolar leads is a core feature that contributes to their effectiveness in cardiac pacing.